Simón Bolívar
Leader of English American independence (Caracas, Venezuela, 1783 - Santa Marta, Colombia, 1830). Born into a family of Basque origin of chivalry native Venezuelan, Simón Bolívar was formed by reading the thinkers of the Enlightenment (Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu ...) and traveling in Europe. In Paris he made contact with the ideas of the Revolution and Napoleon knew personally and Humboldt. Affiliated with the Masons and imbued with liberal ideas, and in 1805 was sworn in Rome would not rest until we liberate their country from English domination. And, although it lacked military training, Simón Bolívar went on to become the main leader of the war for independence from the English colonies, also provided the ideological base movement through their own writings and speeches.
In 1810 he joined the independence revolution which broke out in Venezuela led by Miranda (taking advantage of the metropolis was occupied by the French army). The failure of that attempt forced to flee the country Bolivar in 1812, took up the reins of the movement, launching from Cartagena de Indias a manifesto inciting to rebellion again, correcting the mistakes of the past (1812).
In 1813 he launched a second revolution, which came in triumph in Caracas (in the time data by the City Council grant the title of Libertador). Yet there was a new realistic reaction, under the direction of Morillo and Bobes, who reconquered the country to the English Crown, driving Bolívar to Jamaica (1814-15), but it made a third revolution between 1816 and 1819, which would give the control of the country.
Bolivar dreamed of forming a large confederation that would unite all the former English colonies in America, modeled on the United States. Therefore not satisfied with the liberation of Venezuela, crossed the Andes and defeated the English royalist troops in the Battle of Boyacá (1819), which gained independence in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (now Colombia). It brought together a congress in Angostura (1819), which produced a constitution for the new Republic of Colombia, which encompassed what is now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama, the same Simón Bolívar was elected president of the "Gran Colombia". Released after the hearing Quito (now Ecuador) in conjunction with Sucre, after winning the battle of Pichincha (1822).
That same year he met Simón Bolívar in Guayaquil with the other great leader of the independence movement, San Martín, who had liberated Argentina and Chile, to see how to cooperate in the liberation of Peru, the two leaders clashed in their ambitions and in their political assessments (as San Martin was inclined to create monarchical regimes led by European princes), giving up San Martin to launch a struggle for power and leaving the field open to Bolivar (shortly after he would go to Europe).
Bolivar could then take charge of the insurrection of Peru, the last bastion of the continent that resisted the English, taking advantage of internal dissensions of the rebels in the country (1823). In 1824 won the most decisive victories in the battle of Ayacucho, which determined the order of the English presence in Peru and throughout South America. The recent outbreaks realistic Upper Peru was settled in 1825, creating there the Bolivar Republic (now Bolivia). Bolivar, president and Colombia (1819-30), he was also of Peru (1824-1926) and Bolivia (1825-1926), implemented in the last two republics a constitutional model called "tyrannical" a president for life and hereditary.
But Bolivar's military successes were not matched by comparable political achievements. His tendency to exercise power in a dictatorial aroused great reluctance, and the project of a united Latin America great hit with the sentiments of former viceroys particularistic, hearings and general captaincy of the English Empire, which ended local elites seeking political independence separately.
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