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funded the Guggenheim Bilbao?

If to nacionalitas Basque names without insulting tar journalist, historian and researcher, Jose Diaz Herrera, given how they spend many of these "special" characters northerners, you may receive more than coarse words. It is a cursed name that peneuveros hate for that to have dared to reveal shame of these incidents the children of Sabino Arana. Of course, not be forgotten rigged coexistence of the "spiders" with other politicians of various trends in English public life but on this particular occasion-financing Guggenheim supposedly made with a former president and a vice president the current government of Spain, among others.

But making history, it will be good to go back to times when tried and succeeded miserably rich with money from the rest of English to practice shameless blackmail, hiding behind an incredible offense central government at that time.

But one thing.

The partisan use of the Economic Agreement by the Basque Government allows you to hold a network of patronage and be a force nearly invincible in the electoral process (no one puts next question that will again Lendakari NIP) In this century, precisely the benefits of historic plunder of national wealth is which can open doors to independence, after the parenthesis now are living but does water on all sides by the unworthy dirty tricks that some are practicing.

But going at first, be good to remember that ...

After winning the elections of 1986 by one seat apart, PSOE decided to hand over power to prevent the PNV lie on the mountain and had to download them from Amboto, Gorbea or Kampazar a clean shot. What has not been told yet is that to assume political power that had rained from the sky, the PNV began as the first condition to cancel the proposed provisional liquidation quota, made between 1981 and 1986 by the governments of Felipe González, and to rise to definitive without the slightest discussion by the Minister of Economy and Finance.

The PSOE initially refused to accept that burden. The address of the PNV ordered it put on the table a bag of papers on structure of GAL, the Deputy Commissioner Joseph Amedo had left in a car, after an accident on the motorway Bilbao-Behobia and be aided by the Ertzaintza. The PSOE was forced to compromise and pay the 'revolutionary tax. " The Basque Government stopped paying, so, the central state over two hundred thousand million pesetas, an amount that was spent, in part, to build the Guggenheim (...), to clean the estuary of Bilbao, a building Basque Euskaltel telephone company, to find a job to Jose Antonio Ardanza, and lay the foundation for combined cycle power plant for the Basque provinces can be ausuficientes from the point of view and energy and trace gas company in the future "and" high-speed network designed not to communicate with the rest of Spain and Europe, but to "backbone" a nationalist community.

refusal to accept the proposals for provisional liquidation quota remained in the stage of PP, except in 2003, when the Territorial Estates CEO, Rafael House, were forced to pay 32.2 million euros, almost five billion pesetas. From this it follows that, by the permanent armholes Economic Agreement, the English took 25 years to pay the basic structures for Basques to be a day independent.

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do you vote for your father! Flags of Spain

AIRPORTS

Posts

to ask and if I had to choose between that unfolds the only section of the National I highway, which is still not highway in the path that separates Denmark with Sevilla and it corresponds to joining Burgos to Miranda de Ebro or to lengthen the airport runway Burgos in order to make four trips a year longer travel, I have it clear as we have thousands and thousands of sufferers of the car.

But better to speak of the AENA airport which is the official body that controls all there on English soil.

If we look at its report, the first thing that amazes us is to know that Spain has 46 (forty six) airports. "Profitable? I guess a very small percentage and the remaining deficit we pay all English including those not travel by plane.

Of the 25 airports operating under, average passenger per day is as follows (the index I've got to split the year total passenger 365)

PASSENGERS PER DAY IN THE AIRPORT S 25 with less movement.

Vigo: 2996

Jerez: 2855

La Palma: 2718

Granada-Jaén: 2679

Santander: 2516

Almeria: 2156

Zaragoza: 1660

Valladolid: 1075

Melilla: 801

Pamplona: 797

San Sebastian: 783

El Hierro: 468

León: 255

Badajoz: 167

Salamanca: 118

Vitoria: 115

Burgos: 92

La Gomera: 88

Ceuta / Heliport: 81

Torrejón: 79

Logroño: 67

Albacete: 30

Algeciras / Heliport: 30

Córdoba: 21

Huesca: 17.

continue with this nonsense.

AIRPORTS FOR COMMUNITIES

Galicia: 3

Asturias: 1

Cantabria: 1

Basque: 3

Navarra: 1

Catalonia: 4

Baleares: 4

Com. Valencia: 2

Murcia: 1

Andalucía: 7

Castilla La Mancha: 1

Madrid. 3

Aragón: 2

La Rioja: 1

Castilla y León

: 3

Ceuta: 1

Melilla: 1

Canary: 8

Extremadura: 1.

To continue with the nonsense. Of the 50 provinces that Spain has more than two autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, only 14 do not have airport and are

PROVINCES WITHOUT AIRPORTS:

Lugo and Orense, Galicia.

Teruel, in Aragon

Castellón, C. Valencia

Huelva, Andalusia

Cáceres in Extremadura

Toledo, Cuenca and Ciudad Real in Castilla La Mancha

Soria, Avila, Segovia, Palencia and Zamora in Castile and Leon.

to finish and that each draw their own conclusions

From where I live I have the following distance to several airports:

30 km Vitoria

Logroño to 60 kms.

Burgos 75 kms.

Bilbao

90 kms.

Pamplona to 120 kms.

Is Who give more? Who is paying for this waste, folly, grandeur of rich new and delusions of the political class?

And to put the final point. However unable to travel by motorway to Burgos, I have to do for the NI in single tranche not split (I insist, between Denmark-Sevilla) or pay toll, about 20 € return.

Advance my vote: do you vote for your father!

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Evelyne Pieiller: In the cave

While it seems outdated communist ideal, a philosopher who is defined as an echo that is surprising, even abroad. Alain Badiou, who analyzes the conditions for genuine equality, affirming the need for a radical democratic consensus.

Philosophie Magazine From the coffee-edged for some time that philosophy left his ivory tower to restore meaning to the business of living. Convened first in the field rarely compromising morals, today it is also in the political arena. It is a sign of the times: they try open gaps in the melancholy helplessness aroused by the law duo-end market of ideologies.

Therefore, there is nothing astonishing return to the question of compromise, which supports the renewed curiosity Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. In contrast, beyond the seduction of short pamphlet vigor De quoi Sarkozy est-il nom him? [ What is the name of Sarkozy? ] (1), the impact of the recent work of Alain Badiou was a bit predictable, not because there was expressed a critique of capitalism is no longer an anomaly in our troubled times, but because This criticism is linked to a compliment of communism, "that wonderful old word, the story seemed to have become synonymous with failure and despotism. The current projection Badiou then testify that the invocations of the moral system is no longer sufficient and that the fight against resignation dreams and weapons searches. It remains to examine what is the basis of this radical alternative which the sender is recognized today, along with Slavoj Zizek, great party.

revolutionary tool

Badiou not expected to define a program, but using philosophy as a "Destabilizing power of views dominant" and imposing a "revolutionary relevance" (2), showing first the "internal link between capitalism and representative democracy expanded" (3). Since it supports "adversaries, not enemies," one can "carrying a different view of things, another rule of the game that is not the dominating" (4): that is respect for individual freedoms, including including that of being an entrepreneur, owner, etc.. Join the discussion on democracy is to accept its inherent limitations which prohibit think outside of these values, however, these values \u200b\u200bare also those of capitalism. Therefore, the only political program that can be is "the best manager definition" enclosed as possible within the limits of private property ... With all logic, parties and unions are doomed to be collaborators of the parliamentary capital, and left and reveals his "meanness constitutive" (5). Freedom of thought and choice they offer both liberalism and reformism is illusory, up to and even, in its expression through universal suffrage. Since the individual is subject to influences, selfishness and ignorance, the "recurring stupidity of the number"-o In other words, the majority rule, can only be a tyranny of opinion.

Nothing revolutionary about this banal contempt for the "elites", convinced that only they are endowed with intelligence. Badiou unless justified in the name of a revolutionary ideal, that of true equality, which implies that "others are just like me." What hinders it is what he calls "the animal": a commitment to oneself, one's identity as an evil substance that naturally leads to preferred, and thrives on possession. Universal suffrage, suffrage
egos ...
Fitness for transcendence

There is a constant right-wing thought, to "naturalize" capitalism is based on the same definition of human nature as greedy and egocentric. Yet Badiou save this poor "animal species that tries to overcome his animal nature" (6), providing the ability to transcendence, that is, the capacity to subordinate the selfish needs to the principles, truths that apply to everyone. Moreover, there is the very foundation of democracy, which postulates that all men are endowed with reason, by society-in especially through education, and provide the means (to learn how to use it) to emancipate themselves from the confusion of the instincts and other provocative opinion. However, Badiou believes that out of the cave of the ego is neither progressive nor programmable. Takes place in the collision of an encounter with what he calls "the event." A historic, artistic and loving, it suddenly "appear a possibility that was invisible or unthinkable" (7), breaking the consensus of the sovereign value attributed to what marks the individual, rather than what is universal. This sudden discovery allows pulling of "animal finitude of identities" and, finally, to greet the fundamental equality of humans: enter transcendence.

This dazzling opening possibilities raises several questions. Where does it follows that an error suddenly to greet you? Why random one is "chosen"? The activation of transcendence seems strangely to the "grace" and the transfiguring effect of truth does not exist without reference to a conversion. We can only approve Žižek, an expert on the work of Badiou, when he emphasizes that "religious revelation is its unacknowledged paradigm" (8). Is the "communist hypothesis" it would be another name for love, that "personal experience of the universality possible" (9), which the philosopher Plato, having written about San Pablo, devoted a book of interviews?

Therefore we can understand better why Badiou does not care about the working class but by the last poor, as symbolized by immigrant workers, and still more by the undocumented, who "should be honored because they organize on behalf of all us the affirmation of a different thought of human life "(10). It is also understood better why, to exist, communism should be provided with the means to "control the influence of identity "always threatening, otherwise unable to maintain a truly egalitarian society. But who would know that such an election judge, the purpose, is a carrier of inequality, if not an aristocracy of enlightened "philosophers" possessors of the truth? -. "No Idea, the disorientation of the masses is inevitable" (11). By the way, should arrive the day, "perhaps a thousand or two thousand years, that society is educated in the sense of Plato" (12): namely that all are philosophers.

But pending that Eden would be imposed the common good. This does not scare who always reminded us that "our debt to the Cultural Revolution remains immense," and approves the question of Saint-Just: "What do they want those who want neither Virtue nor Terror", if not democracy not equal? \u200b\u200b...

The "hypothesis" Badiou causes long term, some shudder. In the immediate term, however, that "communism" little disturbs the existing order. Attacks on universal suffrage "populist" can only satisfy the followers of the "governance" that are rarely revolutionary, the rejection of any action part of a party or a union can only cheer the proponents of the system. But above all, a spiritual affirmation of the Absolute Truth revelation seems to only offer free of Marxist communism, as abstracted from history that it adorns the poetic charm of utopias harmless.

NOTES

1. Alain Badiou, De quoi Sarkozy est-il nom him? , Circonstances , 4, Lignes, Paris, 2007.

2. Alain Badiou, Manifesto for Second philosophy, Manantial, Buenos Aires, 2010.

3. Alain Badiou Alain Finkielkraut there, explanation. Conversation with Aude Lancelin , Lines, Paris, 2010.

4. France Culture, 27-2-10.

5. Alain Badiou, What is Sarkozy's name? , op. cit.

6. "The communist hypothesis - interview with Alain Badiou by Pierre Gaultier (www.legrandsoir.info).

7. Alain Badiou, The communist hypothesis , Circumstances , 5, Lines, 2009. Véase también en español Analía Huni (compiladora), Sobre la idea del comunismo , Paidós, Buenos Aires, febrero de 2010.

8. Slavoj Žižek, El sublime objeto de la ideología , Siglo XXI, Buenos Aires, 2003.

9. Alain Badiou (con Nicolas Truong), Eloge de l’amour , Flammarion, Colección “Café Voltaire”, París, 2009.

10. Alain Badiou, De quoi Sarkozy est-il le nom? , op. cit.

11. Alain Badiou, L’ hypothèse communiste , op. cit.

12. Alain Badiou, Alain Finkielkraut, L'explication , op. cit.

Translation: Teresa Garufi

Source: Le Monde diplomatique , Paris, January 2011.

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famous people that reasons difficult to understand remain in the most absolute forgetfulness and that, although had a special importance.

One of them is: Antonio Valdés y Bazán Fernández was born in Burgos in 1744 and died in Madrid in April 1816. He was an outstanding military and English sailor, he served as 4 th captain general of the Royal Navy, Navy Minister, Secretary of State Universal release Indies was also honored as Knight of Golden Fleece

But surely the time star was when he presented the King, in 1785 several models had designed for the flag of the English navy ships and Carlos III, chose the red and yellow which was subsequently accepted as the national flag of Spain.

rizamos But if the loop can move from the current English flag designed by Burgos at contribution identity "English" in another national flag, in this case, of the Second Republic. It is also interesting, although many belie, the reason for the purple color that shows that very few dare to tell. As the above argument that color represented Castilla (error that does not have any historical justification ) included purple the republican tricolor later to justify this nonsense, were forced to give a series unconvincing explanations as the only color that Castilla had been representing the its crimson banner.

What was the real reason for the change or confusion? us that a prominent member of the Second Republic, whose name I can not remember now, visited our country and noted that the Castilian banner was "purple", no doubt from that moment accept it as the third color of the Republican national flag. What had happened? that red crimson banner that said that saw the Republican politician who served final sample was bleached by weather, sun, etc., and original color had disappeared by those climatic reasons, leaving of coat color Nazarene. Once they realized the error opted, however, maintain and invented a thousand and one justifications that nobody ever understood.

Indeed officially What painted the shield of the flag Spain republican monarchy? I still do not understand.

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Carlos Pereyra Alain Badiou,' Philosophy, history and politics. Philosophical Essays (1974-1988) '

Carlos Pereyra, philosophy, history and politics. Philosophical Essays (1974-1988) , Gustavo Yturbe Miller and Corina Ortiz, eds., FCE, UNAM, FFyL and IIF, Mexico, 2010, pp. 648.

The title of the collection corresponding to the three main areas of reflection Carlos Pereyra Mexican philosopher, whose intellectual work vigorously sought to reformulate the socialist project. With a critical view of vices and dogmas of the Left, as well as a shift in Marxist thinking towards building a democratic, socialist, Pereyra wrote three books on life and violence Policy, settings: theory and history and The subject of history . Now collected in this book, the edition also includes essays published from 1974 to 1988 in philosophical journals or as book chapters.

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Beet ...

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The need to train a little more if they were going to break all the records of infamy. Shamelessly I am referring to the cooperative Achor-based agricultural products in Valladolid, which by the grace of not know what to droit de seigneur, feel hurt because at last! Zapatero's government, after the report of the Board has not allowed the Miranda de Ebro sugar, Toro and La Bañeza, see diminished the production of more than 126,000 tonnes of beet to be divine via Valladolid, had to pass to the cooperative pucelano.

First and as they say from the cooperative, the Central Government promised that extra amount of sugar beet, which had been a blow almost lethal for workers Sugar of Miranda, Toro and La Bañeza. The socialist candidate to the Board, he dropped in a "trial balloon" and such was the outrage (did you remember that the injured workers were also citizens of Castilla y León), which I guess was recoil recoiled and the Minister. Everyone knows we are about this election and heavy. The grotesque character, I think Segovia, is best out in La Noria and occasionally does. It is better to say showcase their usual crap.

one hand, this situation and on the other face "vinegar" bad milk and especially of arrogance that had the union representative when a few days ago, I interviewed on regional television. Continued this gentleman, which makes me want to call it silly and stupid but do not call him or call and I never will, missing more, insisting that it will use where necessary and is now only missing this, what from within and stab you up with pride and sufficiency. The Board, I hope you do not go now "immaculate virgin" are equally guilty for having made arrangements to try to narrow and unsupportive benefit a damaging others. Nothing new, however, these payments were first supporting for 40 years to a centralization of unbearable bosses, which never divided a cake and now we come to this one.

The news also and the inevitable decommissioning would entail in the short term has fallen very well with farmers in the region mirandesa and also between the Rioja and Alava area that deliver their beets in Miranda. They feared and still fear that it could close the sugar. Today

collect some media this decision came a few days ago. Literally, you can read ...

"With some reassurance breathe the sugar factory workers mirandesa after news this week that the Ministry of Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs has rejected a transfer to the cooperative sugar Achor.

According to the Ministry have been complied with negative reports on the transfer made by the autonomous communities, "particularly of Castile and Leon, also was supported by the restructuring agreement that contracted with ACOR and Community with Ebro.

La Sociedad Cooperativa General Agropecuaria ACOR communicated this week received a fax from MARM in rejecting the request for transfer of 126,084 tons of beet sugar quota by 478 farmers in Castilla y León, "six months" they had received another in the opposite direction. Given this, the United Farm Workers of Castilla y León regrets "deeply" the decision of the heads of the Ministry for Rural Affairs, Rosa Aguilar and Josep Puxeu not to grant the transfer of sugar quota of Ebro Sugar Achor, requested by 478 growers in this region.

This organization believes that this decision "represents a serious blow" to the beet sector in this region. The OPA has always shown its support for this process which affects 17,336 tonnes of sugar are now included within the Ebro Sugar quota and the cooperative would Valladolid after the request made by 478 growers. The incidence of this transfer that hardly accounts for 5.75 percent of the quota that British Sugar, Sugar Ebro current owner, is in the Northern Zone and 3.8 of the national, is insufficient for the industry since impact on work days in the grinders who still holds open the multinational is very limited, "five working days less in Miranda de Ebro, 10 Toro and one in La Bañeza, while it an important benefit for farmers, "says the OPA.

For its part, Achor, which considers the resolution as" unfair and unfounded legal ", has announced that the allegations made relevant"

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Luis Villoro: Democracy

Luis Villoro, Mexican philosopher, reflects in this essay that "in a liberal democracy, which is supposed to exist in our countries would be another kind of democracy . Several authors call "republican democracy or community."

What democracy? Because there could be two types of democracy: democracy "liberal" and democracy some authors call "Republican" or "community." Again and could be judged by its results.

liberal democracy, an expression of capitalism, today's modern, is what has caused the ills that currently have, as claimed by three Western philosophers Jurgen Habermas, David Held and Will Kimlicka. The "capitalist globalization" - state-led West to an unjust exploitation of workers "to" threats to the natural environment "and" global injustices "in an" ill-structured society. " To these evils we usually react - the authors continue, "the refuge in traditions that lead to intolerance and religious fundamentalism."

your opinion, correct in regard to the wrongs caused by Western capitalism. But it is also their remedy? No. I think this is totally inadequate. Good intentions will not suffice as they may think the three authors to achieve this new order based on universal human rights, compliance with which has been so often violated.

Is not it naive to think that, against the evils of global capitalism, the authors note, enough to appeal to universal human rights? The validity of the appeal rights to the will, ignores, however, the real causes, economic and social prevent the execution of these rights in all societies.

face the evils of capitalism, it seems that the only remedy would be to walk into a different order, and even opposite, global capitalism.

Because the hegemony of capitalism has been accompanied by unwelcome effects such as depletion of natural resources in technology, the primacy of instrumental reason against theoretical science, and social and political order, the selfish individualism against the primacy the common good.

What could be the alternative? Whatever should be one that would eliminate or at least lessen the harm caused by modern capitalism.

"Democracy" etymologically means "people power" but there are two types of real power of the people who respond to two different areas of people's power: that democracy can be called "liberal" democracy, "Republican."

Democracy "community" or "Republican" does not exist in most modern Western countries but has some background in Italian Renaissance authors who, in turn, seek to revive the spirit that attributed to the Roman Republic. In Rousseau we find statements of this doctrine, which takes place only in the early stages of democratic revolutions, the U.S. (in its current anti-federalist) and France (in the Jacobin party.) Republican democracy has in common with EU democracy.

The first republican ideas were intended to maintain or restore the life of small communities of agrarian character. Remember the defense, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, an organization opposed agrarian economy to industrialization, to be secured, in his opinion, to preserve the purity and simplicity of republican virtues themselves or community.

In the French Revolution, Hannah Arendt stresses the idealization of community life of the French countryside, which underlies the ideology of Robespierre and the Jacobin Club.

Linked to this referral to local communities is also at the beginning of republicanism, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe necessary control of rulers by real people. The joint government with popular control, which proposes Machiavelli, author of the Discourses on Livy Aims to restore the popular monitoring view that he believes in the old Roman republic. The rotation in public office and the possibility of revocation of the mandates were kept in the British community tradition and procedures to prevent the consolidation of a stratum of power over citizens and promoting direct democracy. Some states came to record similar measures in their constitutions, most notably that of Virginia, Jefferson. The followers of Rousseau, in his criticism of purely representative democracy, took a similar direction.

Since its inception, the mentality is different from the liberal Republican in subordinating personal interests to the interests of the social whole. The historian of American independence revolution, George Wood, republicanism highlights the following feature: "The sacrifice of individual interests for the benefit of the greater good of all, he writes, was the essence of republicanism, coming to represent for Americans The idealistic goal of their revolution. "

Thus, compared to a liberal democracy, which is supposed to exist in our countries would be another type of democracy. Several authors call "republican democracy or community." This would be a form of democracy than democracy There is supposed liberal in modern developed countries.

It would, therefore, an alternative that can justify different political positions. In that sense, I think MacIntyre correct formulation: "the fundamental moral opposition is that between the liberal individualism, in one version or another, and the Aristotelian tradition, in one version or another."

Indeed, as MacIntyre suggests, against the individualism of liberalism can oppose another concept that would have its distant predecessor in the Aristotelian tradition. It is precisely in this tradition that we can find contrary conceptions of liberalism, namely, communitarianism and republicanism.

However, the confrontation between liberalism and the ideas that oppose him, could be summed up in two different ideas on the subject and its relationship to moral standards.

The concept of personal morality, in relation to the normative order is different in either theoretical model, the liberal and the community. In the liberal conception, the moral subject should be a free agent coerced, it must be willingly subject to rules in the formulation of which was not involved, its main characteristic is autonomy. As subjects moral all people are equal and have, therefore, the same rights and duties. This idea of \u200b\u200bthe person as moral subject is expressed differently in the various philosophical doctrines. In the metaphor of "social contract", rationality and freedom characterize members agree, the universalizing force of law requires equality of these subjects.

The idea of \u200b\u200bautonomous moral person had their most rigorous in the philosophy of Kant, but had its followers in the two centuries. In contemporary times, now consider John Rawls as the principal exponent of an idea of \u200b\u200bjustice in line liberal. So much for liberal theory, based on individualism.

But compared to other current liberalism can occur due to old philosophical voices. So in the current contemporary philosophy, Alasdair MacIntyre, retrieves the Aristotelian tradition ideas. The choice and pursuit of it is what determines the moral person. And goodness is tied at the end (telos). "Call x good ... or that's the kind of x to choose any that needed a x for the purpose you are looking characteristically x". Is the concept of full human life, conceived as a unit, which provides identity and sense the person, as a subject capable of exercising virtues. But man is a social being and its purpose can not be separated from the roles they play in your community. "Whatever is good for me must be good for those who inhabit these roles. As such, inherited from the past of my family, my city, my tribe, my nation, a variety of duties, inheritance, correct expectations and obligations. They are the data obtained in my life, my moral starting point. Conferred in part to my own moral particularity. "

Given this conception of the individual person in society, identifiable by their notion of good and endorses the aims, linked to its role in the community, the idea a pure subject of choice, like Kant before their purposes and abstracted from their social situation appears as an empty body. To attempt to capture the moral subject is stripped of all its constituent features. The conception of Rawls, who follows the Kantian conception, is an example of the strategy to design the universal principles that would choose a subject impartial by abstraction of what constitutes a real subject, individually, with the election of their own aims and values. That subject is the "Man Without Qualities" exchangeable for any other to be a universal subject, has lost its identity.

However, as indicated MacIntyre, against the individualism of liberalism can oppose another concept that would have its distant predecessor in the Aristotelian tradition. It is precisely in this tradition that we find the opposing conceptions of liberalism, namely, communitarianism and republicanism.

These two ideas of the firm give rise to two concepts that emphasize one or another sense of justice. The first favors justice and equality, which makes no distinction between people, as all are covered with the same dignity and have equal rights. The second emphasizes justice as recognition of the identity of each person, because people are irreplaceable and each one has different needs that must be addressed.

Both ideas of justice can be used to justify, in practice, two separate political agendas. Justice and equality requires the fair treatment under the law to all groups and individuals, they all are due the same rights and obligations, without accepting any privileged position. Thus was ethical ideal of the struggle against the old regime, a radical ideological weapon in the destruction of a society based on social hierarchies and privileges, and still budget modern liberal democracy. Justice as recognition of identities requires, however, respect for differences and attention to the actual inequalities that need to be repaired. It has therefore been excluded groups claim the prevailing consensus and is currently an ethical justification of the movements of marginalized groups, who claim their private rights against legal equality ignored. Again and notion of justice require different policies. "With the politics of equal dignity for all," writes Charles Taylor, "sets out what is supposed to be universally the same, an identical basket of rights and immunities, with the politics of difference, which asks us to recognize is the unique identity of this individual or group, their distinctiveness from everyone else. "

is, in short, two conceptions of moral and political subject. Should go beyond these two conceptions of the moral subject: the subject of a pure, abstract, universalized in the Kantian tradition and a person standing, who follows his own purposes in a society, republicanism and communitarianism. In the current debate on justice, lies a new form of opposition between two conceptions of how individuals belong to the social whole.

They emphasized the differences between these two concepts:

The liberal, in its various versions, can be characterized by the following notes:

1. The individual is the only moral agent. In fact, it only exists as an independent subject.

society is explained by the individuals. It is the result of concerted action. Individuals are conceived as prior to society, "state of nature." By their interactions give rise to the society and a free agreement, the State. Individual liberty itself places limits on the agreement that creates the political society.

1. If the individual is the source of political society is also an end. The society is a means of achieving of the individual. Therefore any collective purpose can overcome the individual's freedom.

2. Political society fulfills this purpose by ensuring the basic rights of freedom condition. These are inviolable by the company.

3. The public space offers scope for the performance of individual liberties. It is, therefore, the place of competition between individuals and groups of people.

4. Competition should occur within the framework of tolerance and respect for basic rights, allowing the mutually beneficial cooperation.

conceptions Community in its different versions, presented, however, notes the contrary. In excess of brevity, we could summarize as follows:

1. Preexist the individual society. The individual is born and takes place within a social horizon that the foregoing. Presupposes the moral person. There is a collective, historical, to which the individual belongs.

2. The company says individual characteristics, it can not be conceived prior to society. Therefore, society does not arise from a contract between individuals. There is a tacit agreement, after which precedes any individual.

3. Ends individual's place in the community. Personal order includes the pursuit of a common good. Therefore, the purpose of the community is the common good which makes the good of individuals.

4. Along with individual rights are collective rights, status of implementation of common property.

5. In the community, competition between individuals should be replaced by the pursuit of a proper end of all.

6. In the community, solidarity goes beyond mutual tolerance. No full justice without solidarity.

There are thus two conceptions a democracy. Because the concept of a liberal democracy is not unique. There is another kind of democracy which many consider superior: Community or republican democracy.

The opposition between these positions (the liberal and republican community) not only has theoretical implications but may also affect political agendas.

liberalism in philosophy and politics, is an expression of modern individualism. Republicanism and communitarianism, express a possible future project renewed community. Again and theoretical position have real consequences in law.

Source: Electronic Journal Desinformémonos , number 15, January 2011.

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Spanish universities. Endearing

University education in the reconquered Spain, begins in the thirteenth century and from that date when we can talk about the founding of the first university, although it would be totally unfair not to mention and highlight with gold lettering to previous knowledge centers the Cordoba of the Umayyad several centuries.

The University of Palencia, was first established in our country. Historians agree to tell us that ...

During the thirteenth century, the Crown of Castile, as was done in other parts of Europe, encouraged the creation of educational institutions actively involved in their development. The rise of universities in Castile initiative was driven by the monarch, taking advantage of the existence of Episcopal Schools.

its founding date is generally located between 1208 and 1212, during the reign of Alfonso VIII of Castile, as some authors on the initiative of Bishop-elect Tello Tellez de Meneses, and according to others of Rodrigo Jiménez de Osma Radal, but the fact is that already existed long before the "estudium generale" of Palencia. Proof of this is that it transpires that he studied Santo Domingo de Guzman back in 1184, and have retained a number of lessons taught by the teacher in Palencia Ugolino Sesso towards 1196, all before the university foundation.

Alfonso VIII of Castile greatly favored the university of Palencia giving it substantial financial resources and contributing to raising the education level taught in their classrooms with the arrival of foreign teachers on especially France and Italy. In this university education focused on the arts, theology and studies of legal. Among the teachers the first time were Don Odo, Lanfranc, Fornelino and Guillermo Lombardo.

After the death of Alfonso VIII of Castile occurred in 1214, the general study of Palencia was in crisis worsened over the years. Despite the efforts of King Ferdinand III of Castile to revitalize the university and the protection of Pope Honorius III, this crisis could not be avoided. In 1236, when the University of Palencia was close to his death, Pope Urban IV starred in the latest effort to keep giving him the same privileges that had the University of Paris. Palencia college will soon become extinct many years

Then came the creation of the following Universities.

By Date of foundation:

In 1218, University of Salamanca

In 1292, University of Valladolid

In 1450, University of Barcelona

In 1499, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

In 1501, University of Valencia

In 1504, University of Santiago de Compostela

In 1505, University of Sevilla

In 1531, University of Granada

In 1542, University of Zaragoza

In 1574, University of Oviedo

At the same time and up to S . XIX, other universities were founded with a more smaller local and regional levels. Had a shorter life and enjoyed most renowned for the quality of teaching. To this day we have received many of the buildings where they were located.

come SXX, is when takes back the creation of new universities and have given way today, the current fabric of university.

In the past twentieth century were created the following universities:

order of year of foundation.

In 1915, Murcia

In 1968, the Autonomous University of Barcelona

In 1968, the Autonomous University of Madrid

In 1968, the Basque Country

In 1971, Polytechnic Catalonia

In 1971, Madrid Polytechnic

In 1971, Valencia Polytechnic

In 1972, Cantabria

In 1972, Córdoba

In 1972, Malaga

In 1973, Extremadura

In 1977, Alcala de Henares

In 1978, Islas Baleares

In 1979, Alicante

In 1979, Cadiz

In 1979, Las Palmas de GC

In 1979, Leon

In 1982, Castilla La Mancha

In 1987, Navarra (public)

In 1989, A Coruña

In 1989, Carlos III de Madrid

In 1989, Vigo

In 1990, Pompeu Fabra

In 1991, Girona

In 1991, Jaume I

In 1991, Lleida

In 1992, La Rioja

In 1993, Almeria

In 1993, Huelva

In 1993, Jaén

In 1993, La Laguna

In 1994, Burgos

In 1996, Elche

In 1996, Juan Carlos

In 1997, Pablo Olavide

In 1998, Polytechnic University of Cartagena

Finally, the number of universities for autonomy, including those belonging to the Church and private is:

Andalusia

Ten Aragon Two

Asturias: A

Baleares: A Canary

: Two

Cantabria: Two

Castilla La Mancha: A

Castilla y León: Eight

Catalonia: Twelve

Extremadura: A

Galicia: Three

La Rioja: A

Basque Country: Three

Madrid: Fifteen

Murcia: Three

Navarra: Two

Valencia: Seven.

A Movie That Had Evil Electric

solidarity

One of the absolute truths while wrong, we usually fall in humans, is to consider what is ours, our land, our parties, our identity, culture, history etc., always first and above any other.

Who can tell a Navarre that the best parties of the world are not the "San Fermin" or Seville even "La Feria de Abril" or Valencian "Las Fallas"? and so from town to town ... They have no reason while you have it. Why put this example? comes to mind, at least I think so, as usual usually own navel-gazing without realizing that everyone else have it just as plump, pretty or ugly.

But having said that non-triumphalism and there are statistics that we can be proud of our own, without carry on trying to discredit what else or establish some absurd differences as is usually done clumsily.

has held the World Transplant Day and this year unfortunately and certainly for the reasons I have mentioned, there have been so many donations, although, as indicated by all reports, still Spain is the country in which more organs are donated for transplantation to other humans. It is a welcome and congratulations to all without exception for having managed to be the first, again in the hardest and finest example apolitical human solidarity and all the people English. I hope never again, no politician with a disgusting attempt triumphalism placed a medal for this reason, it would be negligible.

The people of our land are number of donations in the more generous. First and solidarity order is Cantabria, then La Rioja, Basque Country and Castilla y León. Then a second group headed for the Canary Islands, Melilla, Asturias, Madrid, Andalusia, Murcia, the Balearic Islands, Galicia and Valencia. Continue, Aragon, Navarra, Castilla La Mancha and closing the ranks Catalonia and Extremadura.

Furthermore, communities that have increased their numbers of organ donations are Castilla y León (18.4 percent), Basque (10.8 percent), Castilla-La Mancha (9.4 percent) , Canary Islands (7.1 percent), Madrid (3.6 percent) and Melilla.

Never miss our immense gratitude as many people make this miracle possible despite the cruel reality that the tragedy is another's life for others. Today again with pride I repeat we should feel proud of the solidarity of our people and our land.