Julio César Octavio Augusto
Biography Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian) First Roman emperor (?, 63 BC - Nola, Napoli, 14 AD). Came from a wealthy family of equestrian order Veletri (his grandfather was a banker and his father, praetor of Macedonia). Through her mother was grand-nephew of Julius Caesar, who adopted him at 45 a. C. and appointed him his heir.
After the death of Caesar (44), engaged in fighting that had been his lieutenant, Mark Antony, for it had the support of Cicero and the Senate Republicans, who expected Caesarist divide facing each other; also had the support of major financial (as sponsors), which allowed him to afford their own army.
After defeating Mark Antony at the battle of Modena, the Senate demanded the appointment of consul, rejected by his youth (he was only 20 years), marched on Rome and took power without a fight, as the legions sent against him preferred support you.
Since 43 BC C. Thus, Octavian Augustus was consul and was granted extraordinary powers. Faced with the resistance of the Republican Brutus and Cassius, strong in the East, Octavian decided to ally with their former Antony and Lepidus enemies (interview of Bologna, 43) and form them into a triumvirate. Thus began the persecution of Republicans (who died in Cicero), culminating in the battle of Filippi in Macedonia (42). Outcast
Lepidus, Octavius \u200b\u200bactually handed power to Marco Antonio, leaving the latter the east, while he remained in Rome and controlled the western part. The confrontation between the two led to the War of Perugia (41), in which the military leader of Octavian Augustus, Agrippa, defeated the St. Anthony. The conference in Brindisi (40) established a new division of spheres of influence among the triumvirate: Octavio dominated in the West, Marco Antonio in the East limited, reaching only to the Drin River (in Albania); Lepidus in Africa, and Italy was considered neutralized under the rule set of the triumvirate. The marriage between the sister of Octavian and Antony sealed the peace that was maintained for four years.
addition, 39 Sextus Pompey was Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Achaia, with a commitment to maintain supplies of grain to Rome, but in 36 Octavio had to deal with Sextus Pompey, whom he defeated at the Battle of Nauloque ( Sicily). Octavio Augusto's government became popular in the West by virtue of its momentum to agriculture and the integration of the provinces with Rome.
Meanwhile, Marco Antonio had succumbed to the influence of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and practiced an oriental policy, not conducive to the interests Romans Octavio exploited this fact in his favor, declaring war on Cleopatra at 32 ("War Ptolemaic "). After the naval victory of Actium (31), came into Alexandria, where Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide (30). With the annexation of Egypt, Octavio gave Rome control of the Mediterranean. Building on its reputation
, Octavio transformed the political regime of the Roman Republic into a kind of monarchy which receives the names of the Principality and Empire: the new consisted of a balance of power between the Senate and the Roman people, on the one hand, and the emperor and his house, on the other.
Initially, it was renewed every year term as consul alone, which was reaffirmed by adding new titles to its power; princeps senatus (the first of the senators) in 28 a. C.; augustus (religious title that reflected his divine mission) and imperator proconsular of Gaul, Hispania and Syria (which gave the military command) in 27; tribune for life (with veto power over decisions of the judges) in 23; Consul for life and customs prefect in 19, high priest (religious head of the Empire) in 12, and "father of the homeland "in year 2 a. C. While
rejected his deification in life, Octavio Augusto advantage in their favor the cult of genius, encouraging a cult of the emperor who became an additional link between the inhabitants of the Empire. Similarly, reformed the Roman institutions, adapted to the need to manage an empire so vast: it created the Prince, the governing body composed of men of his confidence (Agrippa, Maecenas.) Divided the senatorial provinces (entrusted to a governor without military commander appointed by the Senate) and imperial (governed by a legacy of the emperor), reorganized the tax system, subjecting it to their management directly and making it less burdensome, protected the cult, favored the equestrian order against the senatorial aristocracy, said the limits of the Empire against the Parthians and the Germans, and continued expansion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Danube and Black Sea. Among the weaknesses of power highlights the successor have not (had no sons of his three marriages); eventually adopt her son Tiberius, which partnered in power from 13 d. C., and easily would happen after his death.
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian) First Roman emperor (?, 63 BC - Nola, Napoli, 14 AD). Came from a wealthy family of equestrian order Veletri (his grandfather was a banker and his father, praetor of Macedonia). Through her mother was grand-nephew of Julius Caesar, who adopted him at 45 a. C. and appointed him his heir.
After the death of Caesar (44), engaged in fighting that had been his lieutenant, Mark Antony, for it had the support of Cicero and the Senate Republicans, who expected Caesarist divide facing each other; also had the support of major financial (as sponsors), which allowed him to afford their own army.
After defeating Mark Antony at the battle of Modena, the Senate demanded the appointment of consul, rejected by his youth (he was only 20 years), marched on Rome and took power without a fight, as the legions sent against him preferred support you.
Since 43 BC C. Thus, Octavian Augustus was consul and was granted extraordinary powers. Faced with the resistance of the Republican Brutus and Cassius, strong in the East, Octavian decided to ally with their former Antony and Lepidus enemies (interview of Bologna, 43) and form them into a triumvirate. Thus began the persecution of Republicans (who died in Cicero), culminating in the battle of Filippi in Macedonia (42). Outcast
Lepidus, Octavius \u200b\u200bactually handed power to Marco Antonio, leaving the latter the east, while he remained in Rome and controlled the western part. The confrontation between the two led to the War of Perugia (41), in which the military leader of Octavian Augustus, Agrippa, defeated the St. Anthony. The conference in Brindisi (40) established a new division of spheres of influence among the triumvirate: Octavio dominated in the West, Marco Antonio in the East limited, reaching only to the Drin River (in Albania); Lepidus in Africa, and Italy was considered neutralized under the rule set of the triumvirate. The marriage between the sister of Octavian and Antony sealed the peace that was maintained for four years.
addition, 39 Sextus Pompey was Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Achaia, with a commitment to maintain supplies of grain to Rome, but in 36 Octavio had to deal with Sextus Pompey, whom he defeated at the Battle of Nauloque ( Sicily). Octavio Augusto's government became popular in the West by virtue of its momentum to agriculture and the integration of the provinces with Rome.
Meanwhile, Marco Antonio had succumbed to the influence of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and practiced an oriental policy, not conducive to the interests Romans Octavio exploited this fact in his favor, declaring war on Cleopatra at 32 ("War Ptolemaic "). After the naval victory of Actium (31), came into Alexandria, where Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide (30). With the annexation of Egypt, Octavio gave Rome control of the Mediterranean. Building on its reputation
, Octavio transformed the political regime of the Roman Republic into a kind of monarchy which receives the names of the Principality and Empire: the new consisted of a balance of power between the Senate and the Roman people, on the one hand, and the emperor and his house, on the other.
Initially, it was renewed every year term as consul alone, which was reaffirmed by adding new titles to its power; princeps senatus (the first of the senators) in 28 a. C.; augustus (religious title that reflected his divine mission) and imperator proconsular of Gaul, Hispania and Syria (which gave the military command) in 27; tribune for life (with veto power over decisions of the judges) in 23; Consul for life and customs prefect in 19, high priest (religious head of the Empire) in 12, and "father of the homeland "in year 2 a. C. While
rejected his deification in life, Octavio Augusto advantage in their favor the cult of genius, encouraging a cult of the emperor who became an additional link between the inhabitants of the Empire. Similarly, reformed the Roman institutions, adapted to the need to manage an empire so vast: it created the Prince, the governing body composed of men of his confidence (Agrippa, Maecenas.) Divided the senatorial provinces (entrusted to a governor without military commander appointed by the Senate) and imperial (governed by a legacy of the emperor), reorganized the tax system, subjecting it to their management directly and making it less burdensome, protected the cult, favored the equestrian order against the senatorial aristocracy, said the limits of the Empire against the Parthians and the Germans, and continued expansion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Danube and Black Sea. Among the weaknesses of power highlights the successor have not (had no sons of his three marriages); eventually adopt her son Tiberius, which partnered in power from 13 d. C., and easily would happen after his death.
